Which condition is characterized by altered mental status?

• A. Heat exhaustion
• B. Dehydration
• C. Heat stroke
• D. Sunburn

Answer: (C)

Altered mental status points to a heat-related emergency where the body's cooling system has failed, known as heat stroke. In heat stroke the core body temperature rises rapidly—often above 104°F (40°C)—and the person may become confused, disoriented, agitated, sleepy, have seizures, or lose consciousness. That change in mental state is the key feature that distinguishes heat stroke from other heat-related problems.

Heat exhaustion can cause symptoms like heavy sweating, dizziness, weakness, nausea, and a fast pulse, but mental status generally stays intact. Dehydration shows up with thirst, dry mouth, reduced skin turgor, and fatigue, not typically altered consciousness. Sunburn affects the skin and doesn’t cause changes in mental status. Because altered mental status signals heat stroke, it requires urgent cooling and medical attention: move to a cooler place, remove excess clothing, apply cool water or ice packs, monitor the person, and call for help. If the person is not fully alert or cannot swallow, don’t give fluids by mouth.